Communication Style Case Study Essay Example for Free

Communication trend Case Study EssayCommunication style can vary among individuals. Common communion types implicate self- self-asserting, resistless, and rough. Assertive individuals communicate confidently and speak up for themselves. Aggressive individuals communicate with verbal attacks they speak their feelings with reveal debate to others, often in a condescending manner riddled with superiority tones. static individuals communicate out of fear of displeasing others they avoid conflict often denying their own feelings or needs (Hansten, 2009). This paper testament be discussing three case studies and a scenario from my own personal experience. In the first case carry Rashad was passive and redbreast was aggressive. Rashad an aide and Robin a RN attended a team meeting. Rashad intercommunicate about role clarification during the meeting stating that he thought it was set forth of his role to anticipate slightly of the needs of the longanimouss. Robin was aggr essive with her tone toward Rashad and disregarded his feelings and undermined his ability to do his moving in. Robin stated that he was only an aide and that he should only do what he is told.Rashad then planned on existence passive-aggressive toward Robin in the future by notdoing his job on his own, and only doing the things he was told to do. Robins condescending manner when speaking to Rashad did not take into account his feelings and she spoke with a moxie of superiority. Rashad, fearing losing his job if he defended against her assault, was passive and quiet while devising a plan to make her stomach for the way she tempered him.This type of communication between Robin and Rashad is toxic and will clue to vengefulness and hostility among coworkers. Robin could concur been assertive and clarified the role of RN and aide and the expectations of both parties.Rashad could have been assertive by being confident enough to stand up for his rights and expressing his feelings abo ut how Robin treated him. The second case study a school nurse named Pamela was passive or non-assertive when dealing with a volunteer Brigite who had administered some vision and hearing tests. Pamela noticed that the previous screens results and the results from the tests that Brigite administered differed. Pamela was concerned that they were not accurate. Instead of communicating to Brigite, and possible educating Brigite on proper technique for administeringthe tests, Pamela decided to redo all of the tests herself.This passive type of communication lead to a lot more work for Pamela and denied Brigite the probability to learn. If Pamela had communicated assertively with Brigite they could have retested the students together with Brigite learnedness proper technique and building a trusting relationship between Brigite and Pamela. When dealing with delegated tasks, being assertive about how to do the task with clear expectations can build a trusting relationship among staff. u nsuccessful person to be assertive leads to one party feeling like they.COMMUNICATION STYLE CASE breeding 3 need to do all the work this can lead to overtime, burn out, and decreased job satisfaction. The party who was denied the opportunity to learn because of the fear of the delegatee may feel underappreciated or not a part of the team. Feeling that you have to do it all for it to get done correctly can lead to septuple people being dissatisfied with their job. In case study three, genus Rosa is a surgical sum total manager and Mabel is a surgical technician.Mabel was aggressive to Rosa with regards to her job description by stating that her grandparent was the chairman on the boardand that she would have Rosas head on a platter. Rosa was assertive in making sure that Mabel knew that what she was refusing to do was in her job description. Managers need to be assertive and treat e genuinelyone plumb regardless of who they know or are related to. Not being assertive with Mabel c ould have lead to hard feelings among other coworkers. Mabels aggressive behavior was threatening to Rosa not only to Rosas authority but for her job in general.Mabel may feel entitled collectible to her grandparents role on the board, or she may just be a lazy employee, but some(prenominal) her motivation she has created a difficult posture for her manager. Rosa needs to continue to have the confidence to endure assertive in order to maintain the respect she needs to do her managerial duties effectively. If Rosa becomes passive and lets Mabel manipulate her, she will lose the respect of the employees she manages.In my own personal scenario I was dealing with an aggressive family member whose mother was very ill and the prognosis was poor. I had to remain assertive and not let my feelings of anger get the best of me. This family member had been caring for her mother at home for about a year.When her mother was brought to the hospital she was emaciated, weighing only 70 pounds, sh e had 17 pressure sores, aspiration pneumonia, and was contracted into the fetal position. The patient of flinched every time her daughter came near. Although Adult Protective Services had been notified, the daughter (family member in question) was allowed to stay with the patient. Any time a staff member would try to do any wish for her mother the daughter would aggressively try to tell us how to do our jobs, and made accusations that we were the ones who created the sores.She often sabotaged training changes but inserting herself into the process often contaminating the area. Despite her aggression the staff remained assertive that we were trained to do our jobs, and that we were following policy. I was the patients nurse on the day that she was rapidly declining after her lung collapsed and she was actively having a heart attack. The patients daughter became very aggressive with me and I had to be very assertive. The daughter wanted the patient deep suctioned she was sure that would fix her. I had to continue to be assertive and explain that suctioning wouldnot help in this case but could make her mother worse.I manifold respiratory therapy and the doctor we had a COMMUNICATION STYLE CASE STUDY 4 meeting forwards meeting with the patients daughter to explain the severity of the situation. We were able to medicate the patient and the patient calmed down with her breathing. At this point the daughter accepted what the situation was and thanked me for helping her mother. I saw an opportunity to sit down beside the daughter and discuss realistic expectations and set some boundaries. By remaining confident and assertive and involving the team to join.I gained the daughters trust, therefore decreasing her aggressive behavior. If I had been passive or avoidant the patient would have suffered. If I had gotten defensive and aggressive the patient would have suffered. By having good communication skills the situation was diffused and all parties came to an agreem ent. If I could do it over again I would have set boundaries earlier. I felt that the daughter was aggressive due to her stage in the grieving process or due to her guilt of her mother deteriorating while in her care.I was assertive when the patients daughterbecame aggressive toward me, but I was also avoidant of conflict by choosing my battles. Among the communication types assertive communication is the most productive. Passive or aggressive behavior can lead to difficulty managing others, hurt feelings, and stress. To effectively communicate in the healthcare setting, assertive communication is key for dealing with colleagues, patients, and their families. Reference Hansten, R. (2009). Clinical Delegation Skills a enchiridion for professional practice. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook collection database.

US faces worst recession in 26 years Essay Example for Free

US faces worst inlet in 26 years EssayThe United States is once again experiencing a time out uniform to what happened in 1982. The Treasury and plyeral Reserve Offices are caught in surprise as they did not stock the rescue to take such a fast and dramatic collapse as it has been doing for the past months. As a result, there has been a slowing down of retail sales as consumer confidence collapses. bulk are not spending as much as before. They are not using their trust cards and making loans as often. Home prices are going down. Foreign demand is also weakening.Alan Blinder, a professor at Princeton and reason Fed vice-chairman, is certain that the country will face a recession worse than in 2001 or 1990 but the concern now, according to him, is making sure that this recession is slight deep and less long than the 1982 recession. The government has put into action the $100 billion rescue political platform to stabilize the banking system and hopes that it will improve things in the next few weeks. Columbia professor and former Fed governor, Frederic Mishkin, believes that in spite the bailout, the damage has been done already so that the future still looks uncertain.In the meantime, the possibility of rising unemployment rates threatens to deepen the housing slump, depress mortgage rates and increase non-payments of consumer loans. Nevertheless, Fed officials continue to look for ways and options to improve the economic outlook of the future. I agree with the writers views that the economic recession exists and that it is bound to get worse even as Fed officials are doing as much as they quarter to at least soften the blow of the crisis.No one can deny it as we feel it everyday through stories of friends or their parents who got laid-off, who have to move because they cannot pay their fellowship mortgages anymore or those who could not pay their credit card interests anymore. However, the economic recession that the country is experiencing no wadays can be looked upon as just another financial problem for the United States. In the chronicle of modern America, the country has undergone one economic crisis after another, but is still able to rise above each one.For years before every economic downturn, the country has grown and improved. One cannot always be moving up. One has to fall sometimes. The crisis today is a good wake-up call to Americans who have become overly comfortable with being citizens of a rich country so that they simply buy things on credit, assured that they would always find the means to pay for them because salaries would occur increasing and their standard of living would only keep improving.A recession makes the people sensible of their spending habits and maybe this is why after a while, the economy grows again. When all of America learns to be more conservative about their spending and become more conscious of how they manage their money, the economy would improve.Reference Guha, Krishna. (1 9 October 2008). US faces worst recession in 26 years, The Financial Times. rifle updated on October 19, 2008. Accessed from http//www. ft. com/cms/s/0/232eb4de-9e20-11dd-bdde-0077b07658. html? nclick_check=1

Supervalu Company Analysis Essay Example for Free

Supervalu Company abstract EssayOne conjunction that may provide investors such an opportunity is Supervalu, Inc. Supervalu is an Eden Prairie, Minnesota establish sell supermart chain that has experienced sharp drop in the quantify of their contribution over the past several days. The social club has committed itself to a turn-around by replacing Wayne gross revenue with Sam Dun belittledlife as CEO. Duncan followed his identification as CEO by shuffling the top concern deck and bringing in a new president in charge of Save-A-Lot, the companies most important subsidiary. All this was done with the ultimate set out of speeding up the turnaround. The ships companion is in equal manner trimming down with layoffs and selling some(prenominal) of its well cognize brand to investiture group Cerberus Capital (Anderson, 2013). 2. Overview of Supervalu Supervalu is an American retail giant. It has been in business for more than than a century. With over 130,000 empl oyees, it is the third spaciousst food retail company in the United States (after Kroger and Safeway), and ranks account seventy five on the 2012 Fortune 500 list of Americas largest companies (Forbes, 2012).On June 2nd 2006, the company announced the purchase of Boise, Idaho based Albertsons, Inc and all of its 1,124 stores. The Supermarket News magazines ranking of Top Whole traders for 2008 limit Supervalu at the very top of the list (Supermarket News, 2008). The company has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1967. The companys mission is served by opeproportionns consisting principally of grocery and pharmacy operations with a list of 2,432 stores with the degraded also offering supply chain services for smaller retailers, serving over 4,300 retailers (Supervalu, 2012).The retail operations ar supported by 22 distribution centers, and the wholesale distribution is supported by nine distribution centers, the latter of which also supply company owned stores. Th e company benefits from a unfaltering level of diversification with a number of diametrical brands targeting different markets, including Acme, Albertsons and Shop n Save brands. The company owns 1,102 traditional food retail stores, as well as 397 hard discount stores merchandise infra the Save-A-Lot brand name (Supervalu, 2012).In addition the company also licenses the Save-A-Lot brand to 935 independent operators. With what seems to be a successful operation, the company hitherto unflustered faces a number of uphill battles with the last three yrs subject areaing significant spillagees and extreme pressure from competitors. In 2012 CEO Craig Hackert in charge since 2009 was replaced by company chairman Wayne Sales. A move that saw a sharp drop in sh be prices was met eight months later with Sales own firing and replacement with newcomer Sam Duncan in January of this social class with the aim of accelerating the companys turnaround. there attain been significant problem s including massive losses and decline in tax production. Measures are now being interpreted to limit losses, slash cost and regain sales, including the sale of non- last(a) incomeable brands as well as a shakeup in top management as discussed earlier. However, issues such as high levels of debt, a low level of candour and difficult trading conditions may be given for some time. In order to assess the organization as a potential investment, it is necessary to get word at the financial analysis. 3. Financial abridgmentCompanies produce annual reports designed with the shareholder as the primordial audience. The annual reports which are published using the standard format present the performance of the organization in the preceding 12 month period. The annual reports the 10-K in the United States are overseen by an auditor to get word that they reflect a true and honest picture of the company and are compiled in line with the necessary account standards. It should notwit hstanding be noted that financial reports may sometimes be rife with tawdry information as was the case in recent years with Enron and WorldCom.However, for the purpose of this project, it is assumed that in that respect are no potential misstatements. 4. 1 Summary of Statements All figures presented will be in millions of US dollars when examining the different financial statements unless otherwise specified with the exception of per-share numbers. All figures for Supervalu, Inc. , have been extracted from the 10-k for the financial year ending February 2011 and 2012. Where manu eventure comparisons are made, these have been taken from relevant ratio pages on MSN Money. 4. 2. 1 Income StatementThe income statement, which can be found in appendix 1 is also called the Consolidated Statement of Earnings and shows that the financial year which ended on February 25th 2012 (a 52-week year) saw net sales of $36,100. This represented a deep in revenues on the introductory two years as the 2011 net sales was $37,534 and the 2010 net sales was $40,597. Since 2010 the company has seen an 11. 0 percentage point decline in revenues. Some downward movement in revenue was however expected as a result of the divestments that occurred in mid to late 2011. The gross turn a addition for the year 2012 was $8,019 which is a gross profit margin of 22. 1%. However the company saw a loss in direct profit of $519, primarily the result of high cost on intangible assets. 2012s operating profit was still a lower loss in operating profit compared to 2011 when it was $976 and a gain of $1,201 in 2010. profit deliverment are shown on the income statement. For the sake of accounting, net mesh may be presented before or after taxes. Since Supervalu is experiencing an adverse financial climate and took advantage of a negative tax payment in 2010 and 2011, this paper will utilize the definition of net earnings as being earnings after tax.After provisions for income taxes were factor ed in, the company showed a loss of $1,040 or -2. 88% in net earnings in 2012. It must however be noted that this number represents an melioration on the previous year when net earnings registered a -4. 02% loss at $1,510. In 2012 there was a loss of $43. 91 per share in net earnings. This number is however an improvement from 2011 when the net loss per share was $7. 13 . It should be noted that these changes are not influences by the plodding total of outstanding share which stood at 212 million (Supervalu, 2012).The income statement highlights a company in some serious difficulties however the numbers show encouraging signs of a rebound to better times in 2010. 3. 1. 2Balance Sheet The proportionateness sheet referenced in Appendix 2 defines the companys flummox in terms of assets and liabilities. The company experienced a drop in the value of its assets in 2012, however there was also a decrease in total liabilities overall. veritable assets generally calculated as having an economic shelf life of 12 months or less fell steadily from 2010 ($3,711) to 2011 ($3,420) and 2012 ($3,225).This decline can be seen across all asset categories. abundant-term assets also declined to $12,053 representing a 12. 39% drop in value. Measures to cut cost and control debt are starting to take hold as the level of afoot(predicate) liabilities has declined year to year since 2010. The long term liabilities of the companies on the other hand have seen an upward label with total liabilities rising from $11,524 in 2011 to $12,032 in 2012. Important to investors is the decline in the level of equity at heart the organization. This has gone down from $2,887 in 2010 to $1,340 in 2011 and just $21 in 2012.The balance sheet continues to blushing mushroom a picture of current gloom face the organization in the near term. 3. 1. 3 hard interchange Flow Statement The cash flow statement in Appendix 3 shows $157 in cash and cash equivalents in hand at the end of 2012. This re presented a decline in the previous two years of $211 in 2010 and $172 in 2011. This represents a gradual but consistent drop in cash and cash equivalents of the company. Significant impacts are the losses carried over into cash flow which amounted to $1,040 for 2012 and $1,510 for 2011. The net entrap is a reduction in the amount of cash provided for operating activities.It is important to make note of the fact that while the company has engaged in disposing of some assets, there have also been new investment resulting in overall net investing of $484 in 2012 and $227 in 2011. Cash flow from financing activities was also negative with $291 raised from the issuance of long-term debt, but this is counteracted with $798 payment of long-term debt and chapiter lease obligations. This results in net cash outflow from financing activities of $587. However, this is a decline on the previous year of $975. 3. 1. 4Statement of Owners virtueThe consolidated statement of stockholders equity found in Appendix 4shows the balance of equity over a period of four years, 2009-2012. The statement shows that the position of common stock has not changed, with a total of $230. The capital in excess of par has only change very slightly from $2,853 in 2009 to $2,855 in 2012. The major factor of the equity level is a deficit which resulted in a negative balance of -$1,892 at the end of 2012. When added with other accumulated losses results in a total shareholder equity in the firm of $21. This is a no fudge change compared to 2009 when the total balance of equity was $2,581. . 1 Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis can be wontd here to explore the financial position of the firm and the way in which it is performing by analyzing internal performance as well as providing a benchmark for comparison with the industry. This section puts forward some ratio analysis calculations and makes comparisons with industry averages where available. 3. 2. 1 runniness Liquidity is an important measure c ompanies facing hard times. It measures the firms ability to survive in the short term and meet its current financial obligations (Libby et al, 2010).The current ratio and the quick ratio are the two main measure of liquid state also known as the acid test. The current ratio measures the firms ability to give current assets to settle current liabilities. In the case of Supervalu, there are insufficient assets available to pay current liabilities. This is however not unusual as like in many industries with rapid cash flow, a relatively low current ratio may be acceptable based on expected cash flow. Supervalu is and so not necessarily showing any signs of mounting distress with the current ratio at 0. 0 as shown in table 1. The industry average is slightly higher, however this difference may be indicative of better use of capital although it could also indicate cash flow issues. Table 1 Current ratio Current ratio 2010 2011 2012 Industry Avg. Current assets 3,711 3,420 3,225 Current liabilities 4,167 3,786 3,590 Current ratio 0. 89 0. 90 0. 90 1. 1 (Supervalu figures are extracted from Supervalu Inc. 10-K. Industry comparison figure from Microsoft Money, 2012). The quick ratio is another way to evaluate liquidity indoors a company.The idea behind this is that an organization may not be able to stool the full value of its inventory if they are required to liquidate inventory in order to pay current liabilities. Calculations for the quick ratio are similar to the current ratio minus inventory value which is deducted from the total current assets as can be seen in Table 2. Table 2 vigorous ratio strong ratio 2010 2011 2012 Industry Avg. Current assets 3,711 3,420 3,225 Inventory 2,342 2,270 2,150 Net current assets 1,369 1,150 1,075 Current liabilities 4,167 3,786 3,590 Quick ratio 0. 3 0. 30 0. 30 0. 7 (Supervalu figures are taken from Supervalu, Inc. 10K. Industry figures are taken from Microsoft Money, 2012) 3. 2. 2Asset Management The compan ys ability to manage assets will be a key deciding factor in its return to profitability. Measures of asset management include return on assets and return on equity. For Supervalu, the return on assets shows a slight improvement in 2012 at -8. 06% compared to -10. 00% in 2011. Table 3 Return on assets Return on Assets 2010 2011 2012 Industry Avg. Net income 393 -1510 -1040 Total assets 16436 13758 12053 Return on assets 2. 31% -10. 00% -8. 06% 6. 80% (Supervalu figures taken from Supervalu Inc. 10-K, industry comparison figure from Microsoft Money, 2012) The return on equity is poor. While the literal loss has declined in 2012, the phenomenal change in the return on equity showing large losses is the results of adjustments that followed the steep decline in the level of equity. Table 4 Return on equity Return on Equity 2010 2011 2012 Industry Avg. Net income 393 -1,510 -1,040 Equity 2,887 1,340 21 Return on equity 13. 60% -112. 69% -4952. 38% 15. 5% (Supervalu figures take n from Supervalu Inc. 10-K, industry comparison figure from Microsoft Money, 2012) The return on equity may not be enough to make an assessment of managements use of assets. An alternative measure will be asset turnover (Libby et al, 2010). This analyzes the way in which assets are utilize to generate revenue. It will show how many times assets have been turned over in a given year. Supervalu seems to be improving efficiency in terms of utilization. They turned over assets equivalent to 2. 8 times in 2012 which was an increase from the previous two years (2. 9 times in 2011 and 2. 39 times in 2010). Looking at this in terms of industry context where the average is 2. 4 times, Supervalu appears to be improving efficiency which is positive degree for recovery. 3. 2. 3Debt Management The companys debt equity ratio seems to dapple doom for the future. This ratio measures the proportion of debt to equity. Compared to the industry average of 1. 03 shown in table 5 Table 5 Return on eq uity Debt to equity ratio 2010 2011 2012 Industry Avg. Total debt 11,524 12,032 Total equity 1,340 21 Debt/Equity 8. 6 572. 95 1. 03 Supervalu figures taken from Supervalu Inc. 10-K, industry comparison figure from Microsoft Money, 2012) Another measurement of debt management is the debt ratio. Supervalus debt ratio shows that it is in a delicate position with the majority of assets being funded by debt. many a(prenominal) companies have gone through similar issues due to losses in equity but have rebounded as was the case with auto maker General Motors. These numbers do not therefore destine an inability for Supervalu to rebound. 3. 2. 4 Profitability An important measure of viability is the profitability of the organization.There are various measures of profit, however in this report I shall focus on net profit margin. This is the level of profit that ashes after all cost has been deducted. In this report, I shall utilize the measure after interest and taxes. As can be se en on table 6, the company is slowly digging itself out of a low point in 2011 when the net profit margin was negative 4. 02%. However in an industry where the average is 3. 24%, it is obvious the organization has a long way to go. Table 5 Return on equity Net profit margin 2010 2011 2012 Industry Avg. Revenue (Net sales) 40,597 37,534 36,100 Net profit 393 -1,510 -1,040 Net profit margin 0. 96% -4. 02% -2. 88% 3. 24% (Supervalu figures taken from Supervalu Inc. 10-K, industry comparison figure from Microsoft Money, 2012) 3. 2. 5Market Value There are a number of different measures of market value, the most common of which is the price earnings ratio. This is a measure that assesses Harold company will take to earn is total capitalization. However, as Supervalu is making a loss this ratio is not relevant and cannot be calculated. To assess market value a measure which may be utilized are the earnings per share.The earnings per share are shown in table 10, and are a measure of the profit, or loss, the company makes attributed to each share outstanding. As expected, this is in line with the net profit margin in table 5, with the earnings per share being -$4. 91 in 2012 travel from -$7. 12 in 2011. Table 6 Return on equity Earnings per share 2010 2011 2012 Net profit 393 -1,510 -1,040 Average share out 213 212 212 Net profit margin 1. 84% -7. 12% -4. 91% (Supervalu figures taken from Supervalu Inc. 10-K 3. Competitors Supervalu is widely considered the third largest supermarket chain in the country.Its main industry peers areSafeway, Kroger, andWhole sustenance Market. Supervalu generated a steady gross margin of 22. 21% in 2012 and 22. 41% in 2011. However, the company is a loss-maker and it produced negative earnings in the previous year. Safeway, Kroger and Whole Food Market generated operating margins of 2. 37%, 1. 61%, and 6. 36%, respectively. It is clear from these gross margin numbers that the grocery industry has very slim operating margins on sales. Table 7 Competitor Analysis Figure in Million Net Income Long term D/E Operating Margin % Supervalu -1244 Very High -2. 1 Kroger 728 1. 8 1. 61 Whole Food Market 465 0. 001 6. 36 Safeway 523 2. 3 2. 37 (Competitor results taken from Finviz. com) It also seems that Supervalu continued to vie with insufficient growth in its operating activities in the last quarter of 2012. The corporations operating income fell for pecuniary 2012. Furthermore, Supervalu is susceptible to financial leverage as it took on a new $2. 5 billion of debt in the third quarter of 2012 (Boehme, 2012). Supervalu needs to continue to reduce its operational cost in order to account book positive results. 4. ConclusionThe shedding of 877 grocery stores in a $3. 3 billion dollar mint candy with Cerberus Management LP in the first quarter of this year seems to have been a sign of a new and positive beginning (Dezember, 2013). The companys stock has been one of the top performers this year impertinent for a comp any still drowning in debt and declining sales. However the market has a positive outlook on the company. Since January 1st this year, shared of the company have gained a solid 133%. Supervalu closed the first day of trading this year at $2. 60 and ended the last week trading at $5. 26.Thanks to these positive numbers, both Fitch and Moodys have upgraded their ratings on the company from negative to stable which has been a boost to investor confidence. The reduction in non-performing assets is expected to continue to improve the stability of the company. With less exposure to market volatility, the company should be able to rebound and even thrive. Decreasing the debt level will boost the balance sheet and future net revenues. 5. Recommendation Although the bullish run of Supervalu which started early this year continues, the company still has a long way to go in its quest to recover.Therefore the subjective recommendation of this report will be to hold. Based on the companys curren t trend, it is very likely that within the next year the company will show even more positive signs of improvement and therefore warrant a change to a buy recommendation. If the organization is able to make a recovery it will be in a very strong position in the market as the number three grocer that also benefits from a large wholesaler and supply chain management operation. References Anderson, Jake, (January tenth 2013), Supervalu to Sell 5 Chains in $3. 3B Deal, Replace CEO. Retrieved April thirteenth 2013 from http//tcbmag. om/News/Recent-News/2013/January/Supervalu-to-Sell-5-Chains-in-$3-3B-Deal,-Replace Patton, Leslie, (July 30th 2012), Supervalu Names Wayne Sales CEO Amid Strategic Review. Retrieved April 13th 2013 from http//www. bloomberg. com/news/2012-07-30/supervalu-names-sales-chief-executive-officer-to-replace-herkert. html Forbes Inc. (2012), Fortune 500 List of Best Companies (2012). Retrieved April 13th 2013 from http//money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/20 12/full_list/ Supermarket News (2008, SN Top Wholesalers for 2008. Retrieved April 17th 2013 from http//supermarketnews. om/top-75-retailers-amp-wholesalers/sn-top-wholesalers-2008 Supervalu, (2012). About Supervalu. retrieved April 13th 2013 from http//www. supervalu. com/sv-webapp/about/about. jsp Boehme, Kate, (September 16th 2012), fanny Supervalu Survive Its Debt? Retrieved April 18th 2013 from http//seekingalpha. com/ oblige/869491-can-supervalu-survive-its-debt Dezember, Ryan and Hudson, Kris (January 10th 2012), Property Is Plum in Supervalu Deal. Retrieved April 18th 2013 from http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424127887324581504578233411904827872. html

Analysis of Emma Stone as the Interview Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Emma Stone as the Interview EssayIntroductionMy first replica is an consultation on the Ellen show between Ellen lee DeGeneres and Emma Stone. It was in April 2012 and The Ellen show is a rattling casual chat. The transcript Ive taken is from about half way through the interview so theyre already in full conversation. My second transcript is from the Tonight prove with Jay Leno and Emma Stone, this interview was from June 2012. The Tonight Show is a much more formal interview. The closing transcript is with Glamour. com and the interviewer is Jenn Selby. Emma Stone and her boyfriend Andrew Garfield ar in this interview and the presence of her partner definitely nominate the interview very take issueent from the other two. All three of the interviews are to promote the film The frightening Spider cosmos which both(prenominal) Emma Stone and Andrew Garfield star in. I will be looking at Emma Stones role as the interviewee.AnalysisEmma reacts differently in separately interview. On both the Ellen Show and The Tonight Show Emma as the less authority speak compared to the interviewer. Jay Leno is quite a stilt anileer than Emma Stone so Jay has the authority within this interview. He uses closed questions which all toldow him to keep envision over the conversation for example he asks Do um population recognise you when asking about her peeled fame however he in same manner asked how long will you keep it platinum-blonde for when questioning her new blonde hair style, which on the surface may look like a very closed question, besides it delivers Emma to talk about how long shes going to be starring in the Spider cosmos films and whether thither will be more than one. She answers, sound you k straightaway oh its kinda there are a few Spider Men which hints that there may be more than one film. He also uses initiators much(prenominal) as so and well to show that he is about to speak which once once again shows his indican t in the conversation.Ellen DeGeneres also uses closed questions, she could be criticised for beingness a bad interviewer, however in this case she is definitely controlling the result of conversation. Ellen ask Whos a better kisser? and How old are you?. Closed questions cause Emma to respond quite minimally which shows a lack of power. In all of the interviews Emma is very polite and passively al downcasts other to speak. The interviewers all take advantage of this and keep control by talking over her frequently. Ellen often interrupts Emma when she starts to talk. Emma *shakes her head* mm nope (3) nope nope (.) Im non scared of spiders now// what have you gotEllen // nope //youre not scared of spiders okay because spiders This is done by interviewers when they want the most aid within the interview. Also in the Glamour interview Andrew talks over her and corrects what she is saying. Emma um he hes a football player so his heroes were eternally guys on the I mean American football so on the American football// field so he// didnt grow up reading comic books no Im totally kidding he was of course excited just it was you know he he is a footballer yeah Andrew // American soccer//. this shows that Andrew feels he has a higher status than her as he feels the need to correct what she is saying, this could be due to him being a more famous actor and also the fact that he is the male. On the other hand in the Glamour interview Andrew talks a lot and is very complimentary of his girlfriend and co-worker Emma.He talks a lot about how shes such a great actress and that you get preoccupied in what shes doing and you have to follow and try and keep up. In this interview Emma *shuffles awkwardly* and *tuts* at his compliments. In the Jay Leno interview he uses expressive utterances and compliments her a lot. He says you look good-natured wow the use of the adjective pleasing is very complimentary and Emma responds by just sighing. It is clear that the hum an relationship status of Emma Stone and Andrew Garfield effects the interview. Emmas paralinguistic features in this interview show her feelings. She spends a lot of the clock smiling at Andrew as he speaks very pleasantly about the film and the roles they both play. She also plays with her sleeves/hands a lot which could show how she feels uncomfortable and embarrassed around him. Each time Andrew clams speaking she smiles as if to agree what he is saying, this is very polite behaviour.Emma Stone is often a ratty and quirky someone, contrastingly in this interview she is very reserved and quiet, this interview was done when Emma and Andrew first revealed they were in a relationship and this is most liable(predicate) why Emma works so out of character as she is nervous. When the interviewer asks Jenn um the interpersonal chemistry between you guys in this movie I is pretty electric not going to lie there are points um in the film where we kinda feel like we shouldnt be watch ing// Emma looks mint at her hands very shyly and then looks to Andrew as if to encourage him to answer this question. The first and save question Emma answers is a question about her younger brothers reactions to the film, she says Emma that hes not really into those types of movies *all laugh*Emma um he hes a football player so his heroes were always guys on the I mean American football so on the American football// field so he didnt grow up reading comic books no Im totally kidding he was of course excited but it was you know he he is a footballer yeah She uses the filler um and recycles a lot with her speech most likely due to her being nervous, he he is a footballer. Also she has a false start and has to correct herself his heroes were always guys on the I mean American football so on the American football. The Ellen Show interview is very familiar. This is for a lot of reasons Ellen and Emma are both female so this may stumble them feel more comfortable with each other. They talk about very typically female topics such as kissing.Also the Ellen Show interviews are always very casual and fun. Emma has appeared in interviews with Ellen before so this could be another reason for why they are so comfortable with each other. The lack of low frequency words also create a casual atmosphere, even the topics of conversations are very informal and nothing serious is spoke about in the interview. Slang is an area of vocabulary which reflects a persons age and the use of colloquial language such as kinda and stuff like that help to bring the interviewer to the same level as the audience and Emma, it causes everyone to feel at ease with each other. On the other hand in the Tonight Show interview the impact of gender roles cause a much more formal environment. Jay uses a lot of adjectives such as beautiful, lovely and talented to describe Emma Stone.He also supports what she is saying a lot by saying yeah when she is talking to make her talk more. Jay changes th e topic of conversation a lot within this interview. He changes the topic from her appearance to The Amazing Spider Man film, and then from the film to jokes about his own appearance. Men and women differ in their use of questions and this is evident in this interview. Jay Leno asks closed questions which are clear requests for information. He asks her Do people recognize you? and so how long will you keep will you keep it blonde? Jay interrupts and speaks over Emma a lot which shows him maintaining control over the conversation. Emma I love you *laughs* oh thats nice//so nice//Jay- // well let me// see this is all new the blonde Emma- Yes I know//(.) Im very Swedish today//Jay //wow // it looks good its looks good This show that Jay is trying to keep the attention and power more on him rather than his guest, which many interviewers do such as Jonathon Ross and Alan Carr. ConclusionOverall I can tell from these interviews alone that Emma Stone behaves differently in different circ umstances depending on a lot of features. Each interview definitely meets its purpose to entertain and inform but in very different ways, the Tonight show interview is entertaining and later in the interview informative, it is however on the face of it scripted and the gender differences create a very different atmosphere to the Ellen Show interview. This interview is again informative and definitely entertaining, the atmosphere is much more casual and relaxed and this calm atmosphere lets Emma relax and behave much more naturally.Finally the Glamour interview is very informative and even though it is a much more structured and scripted interview it is still entertaining. The relationship status of Andrew and Emma cause the interview to be slightly more awkward and one sided towards Andrew however this is helpful to show how Emma behaves in unknown situations. It is obvious that she is uncomfortable with her new fame and in the other interviews she also denies compliments and beco mes awkward.The Amazing Spider Man is the first huge film she has been in and she plays the female lead, this causes her to be very unfamiliar with fame and this is most likely the cause of her reactions. All of the evidence shows this and her anxieties about her and Andrews first interview together as a catch are especially emphasised. Also how she may be feeling slightly self conscious as she is around her boyfriend in this more formal environment.

Competence in the Work Environment Essay Example for Free

Competence in the Work Environment Essay2.1Comp are the strengths and weaknesses of pass judgmentment methods. Assessment tin take rump in a variety of settings, such as classrooms, lecture rooms, go away dapples (or in a simulation of castplace conditions), community and educate establishments or examination h solely(a)s. No matter where it takes place or what form it takes, opinion always involves observation, evaluation, or questioning or a combination of somewhat or all of the three. thither are umteen different methods of assessment, a few timedly utilise are-observation, evaluation or questioning. Whether they are exercisingd formatively or summatively, the most key issue is whether the assessment is permit for the intended outcome. Each assimilator is ab initio given a acquire styles questionnaire to complete. From this questionnaire the tax assessor can establish which from assessment may suit the disciple high hat.ObservationThe assessor observes the prentices as they take to the woods out tasks defined in the standards for the qualification. This observation often takes place in the workplace, or the conditions of the workplace, but it can similarly be carried out in whatever some other place where the savant is undertaking practical activities which is a positive. Assessors should ideally plan observations to take advantage of whatever skills or activities that occur naturally in the learning environment, and to make the best use of the available resources. in that location are times however when an assessor may spontaneously observe a pupil carry out a task which can be written up as an observation. One of the weaknesses of observations is that some scholars amy beome self concious or shy/embarresed and flavor they are beingness watched and graded. The residents or clients may also act differently if they are aware that an observation is taking place and can malarkey to a distorted picture of the true nature of the learners role.EvaluationIn some areas, as learners work towards achieving their qualifications they forget generate evidence in the form of products of their work. This is the case in qualifications in Health and Social burster for instance which is primarily a work-based or practical qualification. Learners may produce CVs, diet plans, weight charts, musing accounts which can all be used to assess their k directledge in a chosen adequate to(p) area. These can be incredibly posistive and allow the learner to reflect and be proud of his/her practices and positives. The weakness with evalution is that it has to be d star correctly, with enough time to explore areas that may need extra work and encourage the learner in a positive way.Questioning and discussions with the learnerQuestioning can be used whenever an assessor wants to assess knowledge and understanding and the various different applications of knowledge such as reasoning, planning, analysing and evaluating.Questioni ng can be used to* confirm knowledge and understanding where it is not apparent from performance * Address gaps in knowledge and understanding in performance based units * Au soticate evidence by asking learners to excuse part of the evidence and/or describe the carry through of producing it * Assess contingencies where it would not be practical or safe to wait until the skill or activity can be observed *You can use oral or written questions, depending on the requirements of the outcomes of units being assessed and the circumstances of the assessment. Your choice of method should reflect any special assessment requirements your learners may give way. For example, some learners do not respond well to written questions in any case, you should always arrest that the appropriate reading level is usedDiscussions give the assessor the luck to gauge the learners knowledge and highlight areas lacking which can be taught at a later date. A weakness in discussions and questioning is that the assessor has to be careful not to lead or prompt or give the answer to the learner as it may not be valid.Outcome 3Understand how to plan assessment3.1Key factors when planning assessmentWhen planning an assessment there are a number of factors to be considered. Who are you assessing? What do you want them to achieve? Where will the assessment take place? How long do you make? Once you watch answered these you then need to look at applying a holistic approach. Using a holistic approach means that many areas of work and outcomes can be reach outed at the same time. The assessment process isnt just closely watching a learner complete a task it is about, discussion, planning, implementing and reflection.Areas of stake that may be involved when I assess a learner in the care setting are minimal but may good-tempered arise. An example of this would be assessing a learner carrying out a manual handling task. Has the learner had the appropriate training to carry out the task? Is there a piece of equipment involved and has it been tested for use. Is the learner competent and confident to carry out the task? Do I feel that I have assessed any risk involved and am I happy for my learner to proceed? If I am not happy at anytime then the assessment will be stopped and a set ahead risk assessment carried out. During the initial meeting the learner will have completed a encyclopedism Styles Questionnaire, this should have highlighted any areas such as advanced learning needs or dyslexia and the planning of an assessment should take this into consideration.3.2 Benefits of using holistic assessmentUsing a holistic assessment enables the assessor to cover a large range of outcomes in a number of parchment units with one piece of evidence. holistic assessment may for example cover infection control and manual handling. By referencing outcomes well the learner will see that good progress is being made and opportunities area taken. It saves time from both the learne rs and the assessors point of view.3.3 How to apply holistic assessment when planning assessmentAs the assessor meets with the learner and plans each technical certificate or unit of work they should be thinking about how best a holistic assessment would fit into the plan and how it can be cross referenced. The learner mustiness then be in agreement and sign the plan.3.4Summarise the types of risk that may be involved in assessmentWhen talking about risk there are a number of different kinds. There is physical/environmental risk to learner, client and assessor and there is emotional/psychological risk. Environmental issues in care setting such as fire, health and safety, trip hazards, the clients themselves. Emotionally learners could feel they are being pushed if too much work is given at once or they may not feel they are being challenged enough. This creates unrealistic and unnecessary risk stress on the learner and is far from safe and conducive to good work being produced.3. 5.1 How to minimise risks through the planning process.Plan number one that is produced with the learner will have run acrossd that the learner is working in safe conditions and if needed any risk assessments have been done, i.e. if the learner is under 18 years old. The plan will also check that the employers insurance liability is up to date. The assessor will discuss with the learner how best to handle their work load to cause minimum stress. Some learners prefer large assignments whilst others prefer small chunks at a time. By knowing your learner you will know whether their work is authentic and justifiable, it is important that they are told about not copying and pasting articles as their own work and explain to them what plagiarism is.Outcome 4Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4.1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment processThere are a large number of reasons why its so important to involve the learner in asse ssment. The diploma is for the vista, its their work, and there goals and they need to feel as if they own it. By clear involvement the learner will know what is expected from them and clearly understand the standards and criteria. By involving others in the planning such as senior colleagues and managers then witness statements can be provided, time allocated for learning and support.4.2 Types of information available to learners.In indian lodge for a learner to complete their diploma they should be given any necessary instruct and resources. This may include handouts, oral teaching sessions and websites to look at. Other types of information are items such as standards and the criteria they need to meet. The learner will be told how the evidence is gathered an in what format such as written accounts, reflective accounts, observations.4.3 How can peer and self-assessment be used to promote learner involvement and duty?4.4How can assessment arrangements be adapted to meet the nee ds of the individual learner? Each candidates assessment needs must be considered in recounting to the assessment being undertaken. to the highest degree candidates will require more than one assessment arrangement. For example, candidates who have a visual impairment, hearing imparient or advanced learning needs .Outcome 5Understand how to make assessment decisions5.1When judging evidence we use the pursuance terms-Valid, authentic, current and sufficient.When assessing a learners evidence as an assessor I have to be satisfied that the work submitted is the learners own work and not plagiarised from a book or the internet. It is often easy to tell when this happens as the terms used and flow of the writing changes. Within the realms of health and social care the standards, policies and procedures are continually updated to ensure national standards are met, with this in mind it is important that the learners work is current and up to date with knowledge that his relevant and not historical. I also have to consider whether the work submitted is sufficient, has it covered the entire outcome required and does it show an understanding of the subject.5.2In order for assessment decisions to be reliable and fair between learners there are a set of learning outcomes and criteria that have to be achieved. Each learner is made aware of these outcomes and criteria and their work should demonstrate this. Each learner is assessed against the criteria and outcomes.Outcome 6Understand how your assessments contribute to the quality authorisation of assessment6.1 6.2 6.3There is great importance of quality assurance in the assessment process as it shows whether the performance targets are being met against national standards that are in place. Within my workplace all work is quality assured by an Internal Verifier (IV). The IV is qualified and occupationally competent in the subject that they aver. The role of the IV is to provide support, advice and guidance to the asse ssing team. The IV holds regular standardisation meetings with the assessors and also gives one-to-one support and feedback on learners portfolios.When the portfolios of learners have been assessed and internally verified, and all the assessment criteria have been met, the IV should arrange for the centre to apply for certification for those learners. This will prompt a visit from the External Verifier to confirm the assessment and verification decisions made at the centre. The IV is trusty for ensuring that the details of the learners applying for certification, the assessor(s) involved, and the IV activity in relation to those assessors. The EV will visit the centre to verify the assessment and internal verification decisions made by centre staff. Where there are large poesy of learners this is normally done on a sampling basis. The sample is selected by the EV, to allow them to verify the work of all assessors across a range of evidence types and performance criteria and is bas ed on the IVs sampling plan. It may be necessary for the EV to sample more portfolios than was originally planned, or all the portfolios in the group, so all portfolios should be available on the mean solar day of the EVs visit. If a learner feels .Outcome 7Understand how to manage information relating to assessment of occupational competence7.1 7.2It is important to follow procedures for the care of information relating to assessment for a number of reasons. The assessor should regularly update learning records to provide stainless information on the learners achievement. At my place of work we use a information processing system system called Zylab which tracks each learners progress through a colour chart system. The up to date information contributes to evidence of quality assurance and standardisation, pointing out learners that need extra help or who are falling behind. I use the Zylab forms to show my learners how they are progressing, to see a visual mission of progress and can be extremely rewarding and increases willingness to learn and achieve.The use of feedback and questioning during the assessment process allows me as an assessor to clarify and judge the learners understanding and knowledge in certain areas. Giving slender feedback to someone is a delicate process. It is very important to assure that you approach the task with sensitivity to the persons feelings to subjugate the common problem of a very defensive reaction. An example of giving positive, negative and positive feedback is- You very did an excellent job with that Communication essay bothbody has been very impressed In the future, it would be better to avoid naming people that havent accepted all the methods you outline. Its great that you put so much thought into this and a lot of people are going to benefit from it This is often referred to as a feedback sandwich.Outcome 8Understand the wakeless and good practice requirements in relation to assessment8.1The organisation that I work for has legal requirements, polices and procedures in relation to assessment. Each visit to see a learner I ask whether there have been any incidents that have occurred, either emotionally or from a health and safety perspective. If there has been then I check an incident form has been completed (if appropriate), what measures have been put in place to ensure it doesnt happen again and I take time to listen to the learner express themselves. wholly work undertaken is dealt with in a confidential manner. No names of places, clients, service users or staff are used in portfolio evidence and the learner knows that they can talk to me in a confidential manner. ready records of learning are kept for all learners as mentioned before we use Zylab sheets which must be updated every Friday. The organisation has a responsibility to ensure that all learners are given equal opportunity to formulate and learn and the organisation recognises the diversity in each one.8.2The use of technology can make in the assessment process is invaluable. I have a learner with advanced learning needs who in truth struggles with writing and spelling. To overcome this we use a Dictaphone and use the recording as oral evidence. The organisation now offers on line training which for many learners is ideal as the use of computers within day to day lives and workplaces becomes far more common. It has to be remembered though that there are older learners that we assess that dont have the computer skills and would rather use a paper portfolio. Each learner needs to be assessed as an individual.8.3There are legal and best practice requirements that have to be met in relation to assessment with regards to gender, disability, race/culture/religion and delivery. Each learner that enrols on a course is initially assessed as to any factors which could lead to advanced learning needs. These needs may be due to language barriers, religion or culture. For every learning need identified t he organisation has a duty to ensure each one is recognised and the appropriate support is given.

Nostra Aetate Essay Example for Free

Nostra Aetate Essay1. What contemporary reasons would generate mankind to draw closer together and to strengthen the ties between different sights? (2) Culture, unwashed beliefs, sports, births, deaths, celebration, tragedy, reunions, weddings, music and struggle are entirely contemporary reasons that would cause mankind to draw closer together. Regardless of age or gender, one can still love a sport. When Steve Jobs passed away, the world mourned. Though tragic, death can introduce many people together and teach them not to take everything for granted. Also, recently, the marriage of Prince William and Kate Middleton brought together many people all across the world everyone was watching. Of course, war. Though war isnt really recent, when soldiers died for Canada, people were brought together at the time, they were safer, closer in numbers. Also, protests bring people together to fight for a common belief. In this sense, all the reasons that bring people together and st rengthen the ties together are because EVERONE has been affected. When something happens and EVERYONE is affected, it causes people to come closer together.2. accord to the Church, what three things draw people to fellowship? (3) i) One is the community of all peoples, one their innovation for idol made the whole humans race to live over the face of the earth. Basically, we are all human, and our origin is God, and we all share and live on the Earth together. ii) One also is their final goal, God. His providence, His manifestations of goodness, His saving tendency to extend to all men. This means that the final goal of mankind is to reach God through Salvation, and that He willing be our Saviour. ii) Until that time when the elect will be united in the Holy metropolis, the City ablaze with the glory of God where the nations will walk in His Light. That this glorious city of God, heaven will come to the people who are good. These are the three reasons that draw people to fello wship.3. List the questions that are examined by all religions. What is the basis of the universal need to recognize a Supreme Being? (3) Some common questions that are examined by all religions are What is man?

Curbing Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Educational Assessment Essay Example for Free

Curbing Exami domain Malpractices in Nigerian Educational Assessment EssayThe paper examines the routine or intervention of counsel and steering in curbing scrutiny malpractice in Nigerian educational assessment among on the whole the stake holders in education industry. focal point can be of much interventional assistance in bringing re-orientation of students, teachers, the school and the society. as well as provides complaisant, orientational and psychological counseling as an antidote for examination malpractice in Nigeria. Therefore, this paper dwells on concept of charge and counseling, what examination malpractice is all about, and exposes the causes and an overview of backg finish out of examination malpractice in Nigeria is discussed. Similarly, the hearty effects of examination malpractice is discussed as it affects the political, moral, socio-economic of the nation and conclude with suggestion and solutions through counseling intervention so as to protect th e validity and sanctity of examination in NigeriaAll over the world examination is run acrossed very important in educational system. By means of it, learners are formally measured and placements are made based on the results accrued from it. In Nigeria, education has been adopted as an instrument for meaningful national information. Therefore, government, communities, private organizations, and individuals have naturalised educational institutions with a view to training the citizens for the development of the nations physical and humane resources. In these institutions, teaching and guidance services are supposed to take place so that appropriate skills and friendship can be acquired by the learners.Furthermore, machinery through which the extent of knowledge and skill acquisition is determined at each stage of learning has been set up. This is in form of examination which would be organized in order to evaluate, assess, place and test knowledge and skills. The outcome of the examination is used as a tail for decision making on the examinees ability. In view of the exceeding importance given over to examination at national and international levels, examinations are seen as an activity that should be executed well. Learners in Nigeria see examination as activities that should be successfully carried out if future is assured. Thus, there are some instances where there are tendencies to pass examination at all costs. These trends and phenomena really called for concerns from all Quarters including the master key guidance exponents.Educational Guidance as seenbyEncarta(2009),a process of dowry students to achieve the self-understanding and self-direction necessary to shit informed choices and move toward personal goals. Guidance focuses on the complete development of individual students through a series of services designed to maximize school learning, stimulate career development, and respond to the personal and social concerns that inhibit individu al growth.Although guidance activities are usually associated with educational professionals known as counselors, educational guidance is actually a cooperative enterprise involving the participation of teachers, administrators, other educational specialists, and parents. Similarly, Egbule (2002) puts the concept of Guidance and Counseling as a helping service in the understanding of the factors or events that led to the conceptual development of it as a subject matter, a professional discipline and indeed a helping service. Meanwhile, he submitted further that it is these factors that are responsible for its popularization as helping service and subsequent use in resolving various educational, vocational and socio-personal problems of individual in the society.Some of the factors according to Egbule, (2002) include * Traditional practices relating to advising * finish in modern society and problems associated with it * Development in the field of psychology and philosophy * Educa tional development * Socio-political developments * Different behavior problems of individuals that require counseling, among others. Ipaye, (1983) in Abdu, (2007) define guidance and counseling as a helping service that provides the atmosphere as well as the setting within a professional counselor can help a person (client) or a group of person in price of resolving educational, vocational and personal-social problems.It is as well as the process of assisting the individuals acquire, get acquainted with and becoming aware of the opportunities in the personal, social, educational and vocational world. This is with a view to experiencing and exploring various interventional communication roles. No doubt, counseling has a long interventional role to play by virtue of its significant relevance in curbing examination malpractices in Nigerian educational society as the comprehensive services would bring about positive attitudinal change in individuals thus creating an opportunity to op erate in an atmosphere free from corruption and tension.Administration of examination has broadly speaking been associated with the problem of cheating, otherwise known as examination malpractice. Examination malpractice has been defined in various ways. Imogie (2001) in Umar A and et al (2009) maintain that it involves wrong doing beforehand, during or after an examination by candidates and sometimes invigilators, supervisors, typists, printer, or group whose actions give a candidate or group of candidates an undue usefulness in an examination. It is also seen as an improper and dishonest act associated with examination with a view to obtaining unmerited advantage, while WAEC itself consider examination as all irregular behavior exhibited by candidates or any(prenominal)body charge with the responsibility of conducting examination in or outside the examination hall, before, during or after examination. (WAEC, 2003) It could be deduced that examination malpractice is all round irregularities associated with the conduct of examination.Since human beings have always been conscious of human ability and efficiency in the rural area of appointments or promotions, examinations of contrary form or standard have been with mankind in the course of human evolution. Examination has along history in the world as reported by Pratt (1980) in Umar G, Mburza A, Bulama K, (2009) that examination malpractices was first noticed over 3000 years ago in the famous Chinese Civil receipts and regulations which include death penalty for both the guilty students and examiners. Olowu, (2006) in Nnachi, (2009) added that from China, formal examination spread to different parts of the world. By the middle of the 19th century, competitive examinations were introduced in Britain and India for the selection of government officials.Corrupt practices in examination in Nigeria dated back to the pre-independence. According to various sources, the first publicly reported berth of examina tion malpractices was in 1914, when the question papers of the Senior Cambridge Local Examination were reportedly seen by the candidates before the date of the examination. Since then, there have been incessant cases of irregularities reported on annual basis, the outstanding years were 1963, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1994 to 2003 (WAEC, 2004) the major features of the examination malpractices reported were impersonation, smuggling in foreign materials, slot in, stealing, converting, collusion in examination hall, slew cheating, mass organized cheating, unlawful assistance from teachers and outsiders and insult on supervisors. This ugly phenomenon is inimical to academic and social development and it needs to be addressed drastically.The incidence of examination malpractices over the years has give-up the ghost so alarming in both public and private institutions despite various sanctions employed. Examination malpractices have in recent years remained one of the disturbing phenomenons in educational institutions in Nigeria. The trend which takes different dimensions and forms has become alarming especially in higher institution of learning. It is not limited to internal examination watchful by schools, colleges, polytechnics, and universities, but it has gone up to external examinations such as WAEC, NECO, UTME, NTI, NABTEB, and professional examinations. The situation became embarrass to the nation that the Federal Military Government had to promulgate commandment20 to deal with it.Part of the provision of the Decree reads both person who fraudulently or with intent to cheat or secure any unfair advantage to himself or any person or in abuse of his office, produces, sells or buy, or otherwise deals with any question paper intended for the examination of persons at any examination or commit any of the offence specified in section 3 (27) (c) of this Decree, shall be guilty of an offence and on curse be sentence to 21 years im prisonment. However, Examination Malpractices Act 33 of 1999 reversed the above Decree but stipulates punishment ranging from a fine of N50, 000 to N100, 000 and imprisonment for a term of 3-4 years with or without election of fine. It is regretful to note that this is a toothless bulldog as none of these penalties has been fully implemented, if at all they are implemented.